Research Paper about Pacific Islander Surfing Origins and Influence

Surfing, which originated from pacific islands, had a significant and lasting impact on American Culture. â€Å"Its all about where your minds at.† ~ Kelly Slater It is definitely an incontestable fact that surfing has a significant and lasting influence upon the American culture in all its manifestations. Surfing was initially an integral part of the Polynesian culture, and later was adopted by the European settlers, who arrived to the Pacific Islands. Hawaii, Florida and California are considered to be the most vivid representatives of the surf culture and true examples of how surfing has influenced the American culture. Mark Twain, one of the most prominent American writers of the nineteenth century wrote the following when he visited the Hawaiian Islands in 1866: In one place we came upon a large company of naked natives, of both sexes and all ages, amusing themselves with the national pastime of surf-bathing.† (Twain, M., 2007) When Captain James Cook observed how the native Hawaiians mastered the surfboard, he â€Å"†¦ could not help concluding this man had the most supreme pleasure while he was driven so fast and so smoothly by the sea†. The surf culture in the United States aroused in the beginning of the 20th century with the culmination points during the 1950s and 1960s, and yet it continues to flourish. Initially ancient Hawaiians believed that Kahunas (Hawaiian priests) can influence the gods in terms of catching good waves. There ritual songs and dances were supposed to please the gods of the sea and sent native Hawaiians surfable waves. For quite some time Caucasians assumed that only native inhabitants of the Pacific Islands possess the skills to surf. The first large-scale surf competition was held in 1928. Up till now the number of professional surfers is rather small as it is considered to be a difficult sport. (History of surfing. Surf culture., 2010) As a result of such swift development from just a hobby into a full-fledge sport, surfing has become one of the major American exports, similar to Hollywood and rock’n’roll. The surf culture has touched upon all spheres of life starting from music, fashion, cinematography, language and much more. The first wetsuit was manufactures from parts of neoprene by Jack O’Neil in the beginning of the 1950s in California. The wetsuit played a significant role as it preserved the surfers from the cold waters. The wetsuit gave the sportsmen the possibility to practice throughout the year. The surf style comes in and out of fashion every five to ten years. The surf culture has given birth to numerous clothing brands and the entire subclass of the media industry. Dale Velzy in turn is responsible for popularization of surfing. He was the first sponsor of the surf competitions. By giving new modernized surfboards to local surfers he earned their support and collaboration. In th e United States Velzy disclosed surfing to the public. (History of surfing. Surf culture., 2010) When it comes to film making, â€Å"Gidget† (1959) and â€Å"The Endless Summer† (1966) are recognized as the crown jewels of surf cinematography. These movies lightened up the spark of interest towards surfing and surf culture. These masterpieces revealed the surf world to the American population. In addition, John Severson established a photo book called â€Å"The Surfer†, which gradually evolved into a full-scale magazine. It is also considered to be the first publication in the world disclosing the development of surfing. Many youngsters chose famous surfers who ride mind-blowing waves as their idols. Andy Irons (three time  World Champion – 2002, 2003, 2004; holder of three  Quiksilver Pro France  titles – 2003, 2004, 2005; two Rip Curl Pro Search titles – 2006 and 2007 and 20 elite tour victories including the  Vans Triple Crown of Surfing  four times from 2002-2006), Duke Paoa Kahanamoku (August 24, 1890 January 22, 1968, th e Father of Modern Surfing) and Rell Sunn  (Female World Surfing champion, known as the Queen of Makaha) are among the most famous American surfers. (Warshaw, M., 2005) Surf music was most popular in the 1960s. It is divided into two significant forms – instrumental surf rock (main melody is lead by an electric guitar or saxophone) and vocal surf pop presented by ballads and dance music. One of the most famous surf bands of the 1960s is considered to be â€Å"The Beach Boys†. (Warshaw, M., 2005) Jason Mraz and Colbie Caillat are among the most popular contemporary surf singers. The surf culture has also created its own language style. In general this language is slang, which is only understandable to close members of the surf society. For example, a cut-back  is â€Å"a surf maneuver; its a 180 ° turn thats done on either of the two rails of the surfboard, basically reversing the direction that you are surfing in† or mushy  identifies slow and slapdash waves giving little force not enough for great surfing. (Surf speak, 2010) Surfing has become not only a lifestyle, but a swiftly developing industry, a flourishing culture and for many is an integral part of the American dream. Surfers from all over the world come to the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands and California in the hunt for enormous waves with the aspiration to catch the ultimate ride and experience the magnificence of the ocean. Reference History of surfing. Surf culture. (2010). Club of the Waves. Retrieved November 22, 2010 from http://www.clubofthewaves.com/surf-culture/history-of-surfing.php Surf speak. Surf culture. (2010). Club of the Waves. Retrieved November 22, 2010 from http://www.clubofthewaves.com/surf-culture/surf-speak.php Twain, M. (2007). Roughing it. Digireads.com Publishing. p. 228 http://books.google.com/books?id=gjUOvGeK51MCprintsec=frontcoversource=gbs_ge_summary_rcad=0#v=onepageqf=false Warshaw, M.  (2005). The Encyclopedia of Surfing.  Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 776-7.

What is meant by the term multiplier effect in tourism Free Essays

(i) Tourism can lead to a multiplier effect. What is meant by the term multiplier effect? (4) The term multiplier effect refers to the resulting effect of a service or amenity creating further wealth or positive effects in an area. For example, tourism in an area will create jobs in an area, therefore the employees of the tourism industry will have some extra money to spend on other services, and therefore improving these other services in that area, allowing further employment in the area. We will write a custom essay sample on What is meant by the term multiplier effect in tourism? or any similar topic only for you Order Now (ii) Explain with examples how tourism can lead to a variety of employment types, at the point of origin or destination. (9) In any area, tourism will require people to create the tourism experience and enhance the visitor’s enjoyment of the location. Firstly, the origin of the traveller, for example, the UK, will create its own employment opportunities even before reaching the destination. The travel agent which books the holiday is only the first step. The bank or finance service with which the individual obtains the money from in order to fund the holiday will also play a major role in the process, whilst also creating jobs at home. For the security and safety of the passenger, medical services and insurance will also be required to make sure the trip is not disrupted to a great extent should illness or theft, for example, be an occurrence on their excursion. Secondly, the employees of the destination’s airport or sea port allowing the transition from transport to forwarding destination goes as smoothly as possible. After this the hoteliers, caterers, porters and cleaners at the hotel will be needed to encourage a further visit to the area, as if the stay in the hotel is favourable, many people will be enticed to return on future holidays, therefore generating further revenue for the hotel and local services. During their stay the tourists will require entertainment, an opportunity to sample the local food and possibly see the sights the area has to offer by taking a guided tour or coach tour of the surroundings, all of which require people (hopefully local to avoid leakage of revenue back to MEDCs) to man the activities and therefore will create employment in the local area. The need for personal service, such as being waited upon, or having a personal tour guide means that the tourism industry is likely to employ many people during the course of the high season. This means that the people involved with tourism for the most part will have to seek employment elsewhere, as the tourist season is concentrated in the peak season (mostly summer for areas such as Southern Spain, however for skiing or winter activities in areas such as Switzerland or Austria, this may differ). The tourist work is also likely to be temporary from year to year, low paid and informal, with payment cash in hand. This would indicate a transient industry and would suggest that the host country would benefit from a diversified industry away from tourism, such as exporting oranges, wine and Seat cars in Spain, however their most prolific industry is tourism, with many Europeans seeking ‘winter sun’ in the Costa’s. B. The economic benefits of tourism almost always outweigh the environmental costs. Discuss (20) Firstly, we should consider the economic benefits of tourism for a country. As an example of this, I shall use Spain, a key destination for many Europeans. Indeed, revenue from tourism in May 2000 reached $2654 million (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3158 million), an increase of 22% over May 1999. The first five months of 2000 saw a revenue increase of 9% over the same period in 1999, totalling $9.6 billion (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.5 billion). This is obviously a huge figure, and is Spain’s key industry, as is true of the rest of the world, as can be seen in China, a country not renowned for it’s tourist industry, however â€Å"China earned 28.8 billion Yuan ($3.5 billion) in tourism revenue over the week-long Labour Day holiday as nearly 74 million people took to the road† – (LatelineNews: 5.9.01), however much of China’s tourism appears to be from within the country, unlike Spain where much of the tourists come from the surrounding countries and much of northern Europe, for example Germany, France and England. The destination country gains huge benefits from the influx of tourists onto its ‘shores’. Not only does the country’s revenue increase by a large amount, but there is a greater employment rate as the tourism industry is so labour intensive, creating a multiplier effect in the region, allowing economic growth and other services to develop to serve both the locals and the tourists alike. An improved infrastructure is developed which the locals can benefit from, for example airports and better roads, as can be seen in destinations such as Fuerteventura, an island in the Canary Islands, which has experienced tourism only over the last ten years or so. Even now, there is rapid and continual growth, with new tarmac covered roads being created everyday, as a pose to the original dirt tracks still in evidence today, however, work continues. However, it is important that the heritage and traditional culture of the area is not lost altogether. In some areas, such as Majorca, its main city, Palma has disappeared amongst ‘Irish’ pubs, clubs and a concrete jungle of high rise apartments for a mass tourism experience. In this case, the real culture of the region has disappeared altogether, at least along the sea front. In the main part of the city there is a beautiful cathedral, which has been there since the first Spanish settlers. This type of culture, the language of the people and the local traditions, such as the siesta need to be retained, before the experience of a holiday becomes a home from home experience; in other words, a warmer version of the origin country, such as the UK. This is why eco-tourism and other types of ‘alternative’ tourism such as Antarctica and quiet city breaks have become more popular. There are other downsides to tourism for a host country apart from the loss of heritage. Firstly, the amount of people tourism attracts is vast, up to 59million in Spain alone in 2000. (Source: Ministerio de Economà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a y Hacienda). This may sound good, however if each tourist rented a car or took a bus to their destination hotel or villa, then the less developed infrastructure of the country will not necessarily be able to cope with the massive influx of traffic, normally in a very limited space and time frame (i.e. – peak season, and near the popular destination in the host country, such as the coast). This will have an inevitable result of creating air pollution in the immediate area. The local resources will also be stretched to the limit as the population capacity (both physical and perceptual capacity) is reached. In many of the destination countries, the water supplies are short being in a warmer region than most. Therefore the water supplies are put in jeopardy as the tourists take up much of the population’s water supply, leaving the local population to survive on very little. Obviously this is not an issue in some of the cooler climates, such as Austria where skiing is the main attraction, and the area itself is much more lush than some of the areas I am generalising, such as Spain or Greece. Another key problem is the way in which the tourism industry attracts people from outside of the cities and tourist resorts, such as farmers and rural communities, whom are attracted to the money being generated in the highly density tourist attractions. This will also increase pollution, population and pressure on the area. With the mass of people being attracted to an area, the more housing and other buildings are required to facilitate these employees, tourists and other groups. The environment is therefore detrimentally affected as the buildings destroy habitats, which along the coastlines of many countries can prove to be areas of natural beauty, which are covered by tourist resorts, in a matter of a few years from the start of tourism in a country aimed at this type of mass tourism. These mass resorts need an outlet for the waste they produce as much as three times as much waste as is produced by the country in low season, an indication of the environmental impact that the tourists have on an area. Therefore, it is evident that there are both positive and negative economic (in the form of economic carrying capacity being too low in low season) effects, which appear to outweigh the highly negative effects on the environment in the host country. Indeed, there is a need for a review on how to create a sustainable solution to the difference between the two aspects of a country’s development. If a satisfactory conclusion is not met in relation to sustaining the environment in a given area, it is unlikely that the tourism industry will survive as the tourists will be repelled by the poor environmental quality. Sustainable ecotourism or simply a reinvention of the processes involved in transport, waste disposal and the impact the tourist has on the environment need to be implemented in order to create a tourist destination which will last the host country long enough to become established and diversified in many industries. How to cite What is meant by the term multiplier effect in tourism?, Papers

Strategic Planning and Marketing of Wood Product Timber

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Planning and Marketing of Wood Product for Timber. Answer: Introduction to Wood Products Manufacturing Process Overview: Timber is utilized for many purposes. The framing process of the timber goes through a grading process for verifying the stiffness and strength. By analyzing the manufacturing process, it can be assessed that two process including machine stress grading and visual stress grading facilitate in produce the framed gauged timber. Firstly, the machine stress grading facilitates the organization to frame the wood through the machine. In this particular process, each timber goes through a machine for measuring the stiffness. On the other hand, the smaller saw millers, who visually grade the timber as per the strict criteria laid out in the building code, often utilize the visual stress grading. By utilizing the both process, the manufacturer check the quality of the timber on a regular basis. In the New Zealand market, most of the wooden organizations utilize the G6, G8 and G10 graded timber, as these particular timbers provides high strengths to the wooden products (Findlay, 2013). Characteristics/ Specification, Advantages Over the past few years, most of the organizations in New Zealand have been focusing on manufacturing the wooden products due to the enhanced demand in the market. by analyzing the characteristics of the gauged timber, it can be assessed that the particular timber is exceptionally strong compared to its weight. On the other hand, the gauged timber is a good heat and electrical insulator. Besides these characteristics, the particular timber is renewable and biodegradable resources, which is eco-friendly (Schwenk et al., 2012). Gauged timber has several advantages including strengthens in the construction product. It has been seen that wood carries several beneficial aspects in the construction project. Gauged timber facilitates in resisting the high temperature in an efficient manner. With the utilization of this particular timber, the customer would obtain electrical insulator. The products manufactured by the gauged timber are very strong relatively to its weight. Consequently, it can be carried in an easy manner. Domestic Production Volumes and Trends The wooden product including gauged timber has been facilitating New Zealand in enhancing the economic strengths in an efficient manner. The forestry and the wood industry of New Zealand is the third largest industry, which has been contributing enormous amount to its domestic economy. For instance, the particular industry makes 12% of its total exports earning. By analyzing the annual report of New Zealand timber association federation, it can be identified that sawmills produce nearly 4 million cubic metrics of timber annually. Moreover, the domestic users are utilizing 7.5 million tones of logs annually (Duncker et al., 2012). On the other hand, more than the half of the production is exported to the global markets. Hence, the particular country has been the largest exporter in the foreign markets including china, Australia, and USA. Besides this, the New Zealand has made the strong presence throughout Middle East, Asia, Europe and the pacific. Main New Zealand Suppliers Over the past few years, New Zealand has been performing extraordinary in producing the timbers. Due to the enhanced demand of the customers, most sawmills have enhanced the manufacturing process in an efficient manner. By analyzing the recent report, it can be assessed that the country has 29 sawmills, who have been supplying the timbers to the organizations. The active sawmills or the timber suppliers are Colville Sawmill, Craig pine Mill, Cypress Sawmills, Eurocell sawmills etc. gradually, the number of the suppliers is increasing in an efficient manner, as the New Zealand timber is an outstanding construction material with the unrivalled ecological credential (Clawson, 2016). The particular suppliers have also been involved in the export business. The revenues from the export are up to $1 billion each year, which is splendid achievement of the country. Evaluation and Critique of the Domestic Market Marketing Mix: By analyzing the marketing mix, the suppliers have been utilizing the 4p marketing mix process in order to enhance the sales revenues in an efficient manner. Firstly, the products of the company are several timber products including gauged timber. The particular timber has been facilitating the customers obtain the strong source of framing in a lightweight. Besides this, the organizations in New Zealand have been focusing on bringing the diversification in the product segment. Besides the product, price is also an important factor of the business. Most of the timber manufacturer has been trying to deliver the product to the organization in less marginal profit, so that the organization could sale those products to the customers without charging high amount of money. Promotions are another part of the marketing mix strategies (Roshetko et al., 2013). Over the past few years, the timber organizations have been promoting their products efficiently to the domestic market as well as in th e international platform. When it comes to identify the fourth part of the marketing mix strategy, we need to highlight the importance of the place in the timber business. For executing the timber business, the suppliers need to identify the forest areas so that a huge amount of wood can be accumulated. Key Marketing Strategies: For obtaining the competitive advantages, the timber organizations in New Zealand need to follow some strategies. Firstly, the organizations should focus on selling timber in a fair, open and transparent manner. The organizations must identify the business objectives before implement the strategic approaches in the business. In a competitive market, the organization needs to avoid the aggressive pricing strategy for reducing the customers disengagement (Findlay, 2013). With the involvement of the marketing analysis, the company would be able to identify the key development areas in the business. However, the timber organizations need to include their investment cost into the pricing. For instances, the organizations must include the harvesting cost to processing cost into the pricing of the products. Besides these, the key strategies of the business must include the enhancement of the supply chain management. Without improving the supply chain of the business, the organization would not be able to experience the high sales revenues within the targeted timeline. Strengths and Weakness of the Domestic Market The prime strength of the domestic market is that the population of the country is low, which influence the most of the timber organizations in deforesting. Besides this, the particular country has the decent soil, which facilitates in growing the forest in an efficient manner. Hence, it can be considered that the domestic sawmills obtain adequate source of product for framing and sizing. On the other hand, the country generates 60% of its total electricity from the renewable energy. Consequently, it increases the utilization of the timber in the domestic market. By discussing the weakness of the New Zealand market, it can be assessed that the country has only 29 sawmills in the domestic region (Schwenk et al., 2012). For enhancing the export business, the local government needs to focus on facilitating the local sawmills in expanding their business across the domestic market so that it could easily enhance the export business within the short timeframe. Evaluation and Critique of the Global Market Global Production and Volumes and its Trends: By analyzing the global data, it can be evaluated that 695 timber companies have been executing their businesses across 43 counties. Total 1227 sawmills are there across the global platform. Total production of the timber is approximately 164 million m3/ year. According to the report published on 2014, USA had manufactured 54 million m3 (Duncker et al., 2012). Hence, New Zealand needs to focus on improving the business effectiveness for improving their position in the international market. Examples of Key International Competitors: The key international competitors of the country are USA, Canada and Russia (Findlay, 2013). By analysing the key international competitors, it can be assessed that the particular country needs to focus on the manufacturing process in order to enhance the business opportunities. Although New Zealand has been the third largest exporter of the timber across the global platform, they need to implement the strategic approaches into the business. Opportunities for the New Zealand Market The prime opportunity to New Zealand market is that most of the regions are covered by the forests. In 2006, it has been measured that total 1.8 million hectares with 89% in Pinus radiate and 5% of Douglas fir. Besides this, the long harvesting area In New Zealand was 18.8 million m3. Moreover, the new forests are 30 million m3 (Roshetko et al., 2013). Hence, it can be assessed that the particular country has high growth opportunities to the timber organizations to expand the business in the domestic market. On the other hand, over the past few years, the local government has decided to provide adequate contribution to the interested organization in expanding the timber business, as it facilitates in improving countrys national economic. Threats to the New Zealand Market: By analyzing the threats of the domestic market, it can be assessed that most of the countries have been enhancing the production of the timber for the last 10 years. Hence, the competition in the international market is open and it creates intricacies in retaining the growth of the industry across the global platform. By discussing the current global report, the top three timber producing countries are USA, India and China (Clawson, 2016). Hence, the domestic market of the country needs to be expanded largely in order to enhance t he business opportunities. Over the past few years, the USA has been the prime competitor of New Zealand in producing timber. Hence, the timber organizations need to take the strategic approaches in order to expand the business across the global market. References: Clawson, M. (2016).Decision making in timber production, harvest, and marketing. Routledge. Duncker, P. S., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Gundersen, P., Katzensteiner, K., De Jong, J., Ravn, H. P., ... Spiecker, H. (2012). How forest management affects ecosystem services, including timber production and economic return: synergies and trade-offs.Ecology and Society,17(4), 50. Findlay, G. W. (Ed.). (2013).Preservation of timber in the tropics(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media. Roshetko, J. M., Rohadi, D., Perdana, A., Sabastian, G., Nuryartono, N., Pramono, A. A., ... Kusumowardhani, N. (2013). Teak agroforestry systems for livelihood enhancement, industrial timber production, and environmental rehabilitation.Forests, Trees and Livelihoods,22(4), 241-256. Schwenk, W. S., Donovan, T. M., Keeton, W. S., Nunery, J. S. (2012). Carbon storage, timber production, and biodiversity: comparing ecosystem services with multi?criteria decision analysis.Ecological Applications,22(5), 1612-1627.

United Arab Emirates Public Library and Cultural Center (UAEPLCC) Risk Management Plan

Balken Reigon essays

Balken Reigon essays The Balkan Region has always been considered the Powder Keg of Europe. Usually when a war starts in Europe, the starting incident is always somewhere in the Balkans. One of the reasons for this is that through out the region, many different social and religious groups are all living in the same country and all trying to rule. In the past the ruling power has always been the Serbs. Recently the other majorities in the region have decided that they wanted to become an independent country, which of course displeased the Serbs. These problems have been around for a while and still prevail today. The wars in the 1990s have happened for many reasons boiling together until the pot overflows. One of the reasons that many people point to is the leader of Serbia, who is Slobodan Milosevic. Milosevic is for a Greater Serbia, which basically means one whole Serbia and little regard for the other nationalities in the Balkans. Milosevic has used anything possible to accomplish this goal of his, including war on the other nationalities, armed or not. Another reason for the wars in the nineties is the act of the HDZ to suggest a Greater Croatia, and reject the Serbian dominance. The war in the spring 1991 in Slovenia started when a meeting was held without Serbian representation. While this was going on, the Serbs started to barricade Sarajevo. This led to a minor disturbance that lasted ten days and was settled for the time. The most recent two conflicts were very similar. Both of these conflicts involved ethnic cleansing by Milosevic and the Serbs. One was started in Croatia in the spring of 1991 and settled in 1993. The last of the three wars was in Bosnia and Herzegovina and was fought until the UN stepped in and settled it. Ethnic Cleansing is a harsh policy implied by the Serbs. It involved the killing of many people in the towns and villages who were n ...

The Abecedarian Project and Early Childhood Intervention Essay

The Abecedarian Project and Early Childhood Intervention - Essay Example I feel that there is a difference between the results found in this controlled study project study and what is found in the regular preschool. The reason behind my argument is unlike the regular preschool, for this controlled study there was an early intervention which determined academic improvement as compared to the regular preschool where intervention was done during the school-age. The controlled study provided long-term support where the children were provided with year-round, full-time childcare unlike the other regular preschool children who had minimal support or in some cases none. The children of the controlled study received individualized attention where there was a high ratio of staff to the student in every stage of the program which most of the regular preschool children lack (Karoly 78). The controlled study children were provided with better privileges than the regular preschool children (Karoly 113). Among these privileges were free diapers, transportation, food, a cademic and social improvement activities. The regular preschool children lacked some of these privileges and thus creating the difference. Another difference was that the children from the controlled study were brought up in better living conditions thus improving their developmental growth, socially, physically and education wise. For the regular preschool children they grew up in poverty thus had development differences. The controlled study children had a more positive head start in life, unlike preschool children.

Anthropology peoples sothesat asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anthropology peoples sothesat asia - Essay Example These two opposing clans are in constant conflict; but the advent of slavery will merge the steadfast differences of these two into one similarity: Borneans in Southeast Asia who are duty-bound under the guise of civilization and the economic vitality of slavery. In the end of the eighteenth century, western superpowers, specifically the Spanish, Dutch, and British in Borneo, commenced in subjugating Southeast Asia for the purpose of monopolizing sought after products and raw materials in the developing marketplace in the region and Europe. Borneo, endowed with the gift of a lucrative geographical position, intensified its trading relations with other Southeast Asian countries. This move improved the island’s economy and commercial power. The growth of trade perverted through notching a better market for slave traders and raiders owing to the demand for laborers to accumulate riches and resources. Asian slavery is different from the western slavery structure. Slavery in Asia w as of two types: the debt slaves and the bondage slaves. The former type were people who paid large debts through elicited free labor whereas the latter type were captives from raids and wars who were sold to slavery. In the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, the population of Southeast Asia remained at a very low level hence troubling the region with problems of labor shortage. This reality aggravated the lust for money of the raiders who traded slaves as laborers in a naturally bountiful but populace- deprived environment. Nevertheless, even before the Dutch colonized Borneo it had already been the fortress of slave trade in which slaves were awarded as tributes or trading commodities. Although, it is important to note that western concept of slavery in Asia which is characterized by slaves in chains and those who were frequently chastised and maltreated, is not coherent