The Impact of Technology Essay example -- Technology Technological Pap

The Impact of Technology With the entirety of the new innovation constraining itself into our lives, huge numbers of us can't resist the urge to get sucked into the fervor. So as we battle to make sense of where what's to come is going, we ask ourselves is it fortunate or unfortunate? As I would like to think, it's a tad of both. All that we do utilizes innovation. The PC that I composed this on is one of them. On page 28 in the reading material, there is a short story on the amount we use PCs day by day. Our watches, ATMs, vehicles, TV’s, and Radio's all utilization PCs to work. Envision our lives without it. It would be extreme, isn't that so? Individuals have become so used to the benefits of innovation, existence without it would be hard for a large portion of us. Mobile phones are an exceptionally famous innovation. Individuals can be seen each day talking or hauling around a mobile phone. In bigger urban communities they're seen all over. They can be utilized for business and individual use, and they are a significant thing to have when in a crisis. Innovation changes each day making our general public increasingly progressed. A February 17, 2004 article from the Detroit Free Press discusses another watch that accomplishes more than read a clock. As indicated by the article, you can tweak the information your watch will get and show. In addition you can set the watch to get MSN texts, show your schedule arrangements (on the off chance that you have Outlook 2000 mail programming), get neighborhood, national and universal climate information, and show news and custom stock data. The MSN Direct system utilizes FM radio band to transmit data to anyplace that can get its radio gathering. The watch gets its information from the FM signals and shows it on the watch. The watch is known as the Savvy and is made by Fossil. The watch is r... ...be Delphi's XM Roady. Structured uniquely for your vehicle it works through your cassette deck like the SKYFi model. The Raody costs about $119. I'm certain XM Satellite radio will turn out to be very famous. The possibility of no ads and beyond what 100 channels can suck pretty much anybody in. In any case, to what extent will it be before advertisements assume control over that as well? Who knows, possibly ads will have their own channel sooner rather than later. XM Satellite radios sound like an extraordinary thought and an incredible purchase, yet I think I'll be holding up until they get somewhat less expensive. Generally I accept what's to come is going a decent way, with significantly more comfort for everybody. In any case, we should know about the issues that can happen on the off chance that we depend exclusively on innovation. In the event that there is a force blackout, or you have an opportunity, you won't have the option to depend on PCs or innovation to support you.

What difference does knowledge of the Argonautica Essay Example

What improvement does information on the Argonautica Essay What improvement does information on the Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodius make to the perusing of the Aeneid by Vergil? Presentation The topical and basic connection between theArgonauticaand theAeneidhas been a prolific land for the distribution of significant scholastic discourse. On the carefully real degree, the suggestion contained in the rubric to this paper can be replied in a straightforward and rather accentuated negative. TheAeneidcan be perused as a detached courageous sonnet work without limitation or through media ; a perception or associate with theArgonautica( or theIliad, as is other than examined in scholastic circles ) is non required to either comprehend or to welcome the portrayal of theAeneid. TheAeneidcan be perused for both pleasance and point without notice to any outer beginnings, including theArgonautica. We will compose a custom exposition test on What improvement does information on the Argonautica explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on What improvement does information on the Argonautica explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on What improvement does information on the Argonautica explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This paper will investigate the recommendation that a reasonable discernment of theArgonauticapermits theAeneidreader to see a profundity of understanding and a more full handle of the authentic setting and related notices, development, and scholarly gadgets utilized by Vergil. For a legitimate bookman, for example, Richard Hunter, theArgonauticahas been proclaimed essential to arrangement of theAeneid[ 1 ],rendering an overview of theArgonauticaan basic instead of an alternative. This paper will examine every one of these discernable situations to advance a theory that progressions obviously from the rubric †the perusing of theAeneidis made increasingly complete if comprehension of theArgonauticais a device accessible to the peruser. In the undermentioned investigation, the termcognitionis given a wide application. Information will be talked about non simply as that fluxing from the review accessible inside the limits of theArgonauticatext, yet close to that data refering the historical backdrop of Apollonius, his social condition, and the beginnings and arranged different versions of the fantasy of the Golden Fleece that originate before theArgonautica. All insight of theArgonauticain both these immediate and aberrant offices gives an improving of the grip of theAeneidthat is will essentially take to the fullest conceivable trepidation of the connection between these plants. Singular advances from both theAeneidand theArgonauticaare referenced in this paper where important to spread out upon any point that is tried to be progressed ; in any case, the push of this reappraisal is non to declaim or to name in drumhead signifier separated verses from either work, yet to flexibly a wide examination that distinguishes the significant focuses important to comprehend the connection between theArgonauticaand theAeneid. The Origins of theArgonautica At the clasp that Apollonius formed theArgonauticacirca 250 BC [ 2 ] , the tale of Jason and his Argonauts was one established in ancient history. The Argonaut tale is referenced in both theOdysseyand theIliad[ 3 ] ; it is obvious that the legend applied a significant artistic impact for a few hundred mature ages before the creation of Apollonius [ 4 ] , an impact that curiously proceeded as to the coevals of Hellenistic creators of which he was a bit ( 323 BC to 31 BC ) . Apollonius lived and wrote in the city of Alexandria during its generally powerful and socially focused period. Workmanship, logical order and grouped academic pursues were supported in the blasting city. The reasonable throb of Alexandria was coordinated by its incredible library, an establishment said to have more than 200,000 pivotal turns of paperss. [ 5 ] TheArgonautica A drawn-out examination of the portrayal of theArgonauticais unneeded for the aims of this paper ; a short summarize will help in following the systematic focuses made more remote in this reappraisal. TheArgonauticais established on a notable account from Grecian folklore. The full brave sonnet has a figure of discernable constituents. It is demonstration of the assumed associate of the fantasy with his target group that Apollonius keeps up a truly short introduction to his brave sonnet ; Apollonius must be expected to hold comprehended that a drawn-out proposition about the beginnings of Jason and his interest for the Golden Fleece were unneeded for his crowd [ 6 ] . The initial segment of the Argonautica portrays the beginnings of the Golden Fleece from the arbitrary access memory of Helle and Praxius. Zeus at long last assumed responsibility for the Fleece and put the Fleece under the gatekeeper of a firedrake. Mugwump of the activities taken corresponding to the Golden Fleece, King Pelias of Iolcus notices an admonition made by a prophet that he should mind the coming to of a grown-up male have oning one shoe. Jason’s coming to before Pelias seemed to bring through the prediction and Pelias moved Jason into the reason of an interest to look for the Golden Fleece. Apollonius intercession of the legend of Jason and the Argonauts †a drumhead Apollonius takes the old Argonaut legend and grows it to envelop a figure of wide subjects that are created in the class of the sea outing of Jason and his team. The cardinal subjects in this regard are: love ( of which the activities portrayed in the story refering the island of Lemnos is an extraordinary outline ) the over arced impression of the journey making agreeable connections and differentiating delineations of the abuse and wrongdoing of neighborly relationship the respect and related dread of Zeus and the lesser Gods, tempered by representations of mankind among the Gods ( noted underneath ) the clearly irregular nature of the occasions that influenced Jason and his group all through their sea trip Against these wide and ever present subjects Apollonius draws his gallant sonnet saint, Jason. The mode wherein Jason is depicted through the class of theArgonauticais profoundly of import to any friend perusing of theAeneid. In Jason, Apollonius renders a character that would be perceived in present day writing as ananti-heroor hero each piece much as they would be distinguished as an old style saint ; Jason is likely one of the principal abstract inventive exercises in realized that history generally will be created in such a way. The mode wherein Jason is portrayed all through the Argonautica resounds in the ulterior inventive action of Vergil’s Aeneas. Jason may de characterized in present day footings as a wannabe through an examination of his character and his conduct. He starts the sea trip with the Argonauts in a position of undoubted driving. He is in no time uncovered as the direct opposite to the unfaltering epic pioneer ; at arranged focuses his driving limit lines on the floating and the ineffectual. At different events in the sea trip he is blamed for cowardliness. Jason and his various sentimental connections including those on the island of Lemnos bolster a choice that Jason was defective in his ethical attitude. He shows up at a figure of focuses in the account to be both down (, for example, his coming to at Colchis, as he arranged to recover the Golden Fleece ) and profoundly confined from his team. [ 7 ] There are barely any current comparings to the mode in which Apollonius depicts Jason. The customary Greek scholarly legend to that clasp had been a manifestation of numerous prevalent virtuousnesss. In brave sonnets composed preceding theArgonautica, the saint was continually a tall, decent shaped grown-up male of baronial bearing and air. Such characters were a mainstream generalization †the athletic and valiant pioneer of work powers that was nearer to god than mortal, a vanquisher of each challenge they ever confronted. A grip of Jason as an old style antecedent to the wannabe hypothetical record helps in the improvement of a friend fear of theAeneid. Aeneas is an epic character who is other than defective and one whom Vergil wishes his crowd to acknowledge as clearly human. Another going from the previous legitimate representations of the gallant sonnet way was the mode where the Gods were depicted in theArgonautica. The over siting regard for the forces of the Gods who included themselves at any clasp with the human universe in theArgonauticawas one of alarm, however at grouped occasions Apollonius pervades the Gods with evidently human and less horrendous highlights. A convincing representation of this pinch of mortality in the Gods was the endeavor made by Athena and Hera to search out the goddess Aphrodite to set up for Medea to go gaga for Jason. [ 8 ] Scholastic spectators have portrayed the word image of the plotting of theseArgonauticaimmortals, as opposed to the respectful intercession of the Gods by Homer, as a puting comparable in its tone to one that Apollonius may hold depicted in the event that he were distinguishing a gathering of women in holding up at an eighteenth century European illustrious family. [ 9 ] Significant abstract attributes of theArgonautica An unequivocal posting of each delineation of the abstract gadgets and strategies that set apart theArgonauticafrom what had gone before throughout the entire existence of Grecian writing, with a comparing recitation of how every bear an of import relationship to theAeneid, would most likely capacity to render the central purposes of this examination unreasonably diffuse. Be that as it may, a figure of outlines might be featured to represent how Vergil utilized grouped qualities from theArgonauticato to the full build up the Aeneid [ 10 ] . These attributes include: ( I ) the point of convergence of Apollonius upon erotism ( two ) the vacillation in the tone and the use of the principal person

A Guide to Storytelling with Mind Maps - Focus

A Guide to Storytelling with Mind Maps - Focus Businesses use storytelling to inspire the people who work for them and sell the next great idea. Teachers use stories to help students learn concepts. Journalists tell important stories that help citizens understand the world around them. And, of course, writers and creators use stories to take us to new worlds through film, books, songs, video games, comics, and more. Being able to tell a great story is an invaluable skill. It’s no secret that storytelling is powerful. In fact, our brains even act differently when we hear a story instead of just hearing facts and figures. But good storytelling is hard work, and it takes a lot of planning and thought. Look no further than these famous writers’ outlining methods for proof. The next time you’re trying to weave the perfect narrative, don’t reach for a notebook or a napkin to scribble notes or start an outline. Instead, try using a mind map to boost creativity and think through or organize the story you want to tell. Why do mind maps work for storytelling? The best stories bring many parts together into one complete vision, just like a puzzle. To craft a story, first you need to have a general idea of the overall picture you’re trying to paint. Mind maps help you do that. “To me, the biggest benefit of a plot mind map is being able to see my story on a single sheet of paper,” says writer Kate Brown. “I can see concurrent events side-by-side, and I can see how each plot element ties into the whole with a glance.” Working from one large map also helps you more easily introduce new ideas, ask the right questions and build up the details of your story so that when you’re ready to start writing, you have what you need. Especially when you’re starting from scratch, you don’t want to be boxed in with a linear format like an outline or text notes. Mind maps give you the freedom to explore all the different paths your story could take and connect story elements in important ways to weave an effective narrative. Methods like outlines also don’t easily allow for visuals like mind maps do. Images or graphics can provide inspiration and act as references as you shape your story. Say you needed to go into detail describing a scene. Having a picture right there in your mind map to look at can help you think up the perfect descriptive language. How to use mind maps for storytelling There are lots of different aspects of storytelling which mind maps can help with. Use mind maps to: Cure writer’s block There’s nothing worse than sitting down to write and coming up empty. The next time you experience a bout of writer’s block, start a mind map. By mapping anything that comes to mind, soon “you’ll have an easy-to-read, visual map that makes the connections between ideas jump off the page,” writes marketing strategist Jamie Lee Wallace. “Now, the blank screen that was freaking you out looks like a fresh canvas and you feel like Monet on one of his more inspired days.” Focus your story Once you have an idea you want to pursue, use mind maps to pin down your story’s key take-aways and hone in on what you most want your audience to walk away thinking, feeling or knowing. “Every storytelling exercise should begin by asking: Who is my audience and what is the message I want to share with them?” says writer and editor Carolyn O’Hara. “For instance, if your team is behaving as if failure is not an option, you might decide to impart the message that failure is actually the grandfather of success. Or if you are trying to convince senior leaders to take a risk by supporting your project, you could convey that most companies are built on taking smart chances.” Whatever that key message is, you can use it as the central idea of your mind map to figure out the best way to impart that lesson. Another way to focus your story if you’ve already drawn a map is to go through the map and highlight the most promising concepts or ideas of your narrative. You might end up stripping out ideas that don’t get highlighted or making new maps that focus on just those key items you’ve identified. Establish important connections You can easily reinforce crucial relationships between characters, scenes and plot points using arrows. This helps to add context and think through meaningful connections you might want to emphasize when you start writing. For example, a mind map might help you realize that two characters share the same values or uncover connections between a character’s past and his or her actions. Spot the gaps We all know that one person who loves to point out plot holes in movies. And plot holes can keep even the most experienced writers up at night. Mind maps make it easy to spot unfinished plot points or dangling threads in your story. “Since a mind map is not linear, blank spaces are not only forgivable, they become compelling reasons to think more about the story youre developing,” writes Paul Donovan Campos. If you’re a business storyteller, this can be really useful when telling your brand story because the map can help you anticipate where your audience might be skeptical or have questions. Add layers and context Mind maps help add layers to a linear plot, and while you work on your map, you’ll likely spot natural subplots and develop context around your story. You’ll be able to better understand how your story fits into the bigger picture through mapping it. For example, if you’re telling a story about leadership to your company, a mind map can help you understand how to frame that story in the context of your company’s mission and values. If you’re creating a whole new world with your story (think Harry Potter or Game of Thrones) mind maps can help you create a world that seems real. And with a mind mapping tool like MindMeister, you’ll never run out of room like you would on paper, so you have the freedom to go deep into the details. Write realistic characters Mind maps can also help you write characters who are true to life. Through mind maps, you can freely explore your characters’ communication styles, history, appearance, relationships, defects, and ambitions. Then when you’re writing, you can reference your character mind maps to think through what they would do or say in a certain situation. Begin and end your story When I’m writing an article or blog post, I always leave the intro and conclusion for last. Introducing a story and wrapping it up can be the toughest part of writing. Mind maps give you the big-picture view of your story, making it easy to spot natural points where your narrative could start and finish. And because of their free structure, you can more easily reorganize elements in a mind map to make sure your story flows well from beginning to end. Practice and present If you’re telling your story in front of a live audience, practice can help you become a lot more comfortable. Whether you’re pitching a product, trying to motivate a crowd or drive an audience to action, practicing your presentation with MindMeisters  presentation mode can help you calm your nerves and boost your confidence in your storytelling abilities. “There’s a misperception that great storytellers can whip these yarns out of their hats and deliver with aplomb,” writes Kristi Hedges, author of Power of Presence: Unlock Your Potential to Influence and Engage Others. “The best stories are well-told stories â€" because they get better with each telling.” Maybe you’re a CEO hoping to energize your employees with a story at your next company gathering, or perhaps you’re aiming to become the next J.K Rowling. No matter what kind of tale you’re telling, mind maps are a useful tool that can help you go from a blank page to a complete story that improves understanding, entertains or inspires. Get Started with Mind Mapping! Try MindMeister If you liked this article you might also enjoy:  How to Create High-Value Blog Content with MindMeister and Your Kindle. A Guide to Storytelling with Mind Maps - Focus Businesses use storytelling to inspire the people who work for them and sell the next great idea. Teachers use stories to help students learn concepts. Journalists tell important stories that help citizens understand the world around them. And, of course, writers and creators use stories to take us to new worlds through film, books, songs, video games, comics, and more. Being able to tell a great story is an invaluable skill. It’s no secret that storytelling is powerful. In fact, our brains even act differently when we hear a story instead of just hearing facts and figures. But good storytelling is hard work, and it takes a lot of planning and thought. Look no further than these famous writers’ outlining methods for proof. The next time you’re trying to weave the perfect narrative, don’t reach for a notebook or a napkin to scribble notes or start an outline. Instead, try using a mind map to boost creativity and think through or organize the story you want to tell. Why do mind maps work for storytelling? The best stories bring many parts together into one complete vision, just like a puzzle. To craft a story, first you need to have a general idea of the overall picture you’re trying to paint. Mind maps help you do that. “To me, the biggest benefit of a plot mind map is being able to see my story on a single sheet of paper,” says writer Kate Brown. “I can see concurrent events side-by-side, and I can see how each plot element ties into the whole with a glance.” Working from one large map also helps you more easily introduce new ideas, ask the right questions and build up the details of your story so that when you’re ready to start writing, you have what you need. Especially when you’re starting from scratch, you don’t want to be boxed in with a linear format like an outline or text notes. Mind maps give you the freedom to explore all the different paths your story could take and connect story elements in important ways to weave an effective narrative. Methods like outlines also don’t easily allow for visuals like mind maps do. Images or graphics can provide inspiration and act as references as you shape your story. Say you needed to go into detail describing a scene. Having a picture right there in your mind map to look at can help you think up the perfect descriptive language. How to use mind maps for storytelling There are lots of different aspects of storytelling which mind maps can help with. Use mind maps to: Cure writer’s block There’s nothing worse than sitting down to write and coming up empty. The next time you experience a bout of writer’s block, start a mind map. By mapping anything that comes to mind, soon “you’ll have an easy-to-read, visual map that makes the connections between ideas jump off the page,” writes marketing strategist Jamie Lee Wallace. “Now, the blank screen that was freaking you out looks like a fresh canvas and you feel like Monet on one of his more inspired days.” Focus your story Once you have an idea you want to pursue, use mind maps to pin down your story’s key take-aways and hone in on what you most want your audience to walk away thinking, feeling or knowing. “Every storytelling exercise should begin by asking: Who is my audience and what is the message I want to share with them?” says writer and editor Carolyn O’Hara. “For instance, if your team is behaving as if failure is not an option, you might decide to impart the message that failure is actually the grandfather of success. Or if you are trying to convince senior leaders to take a risk by supporting your project, you could convey that most companies are built on taking smart chances.” Whatever that key message is, you can use it as the central idea of your mind map to figure out the best way to impart that lesson. Another way to focus your story if you’ve already drawn a map is to go through the map and highlight the most promising concepts or ideas of your narrative. You might end up stripping out ideas that don’t get highlighted or making new maps that focus on just those key items you’ve identified. Establish important connections You can easily reinforce crucial relationships between characters, scenes and plot points using arrows. This helps to add context and think through meaningful connections you might want to emphasize when you start writing. For example, a mind map might help you realize that two characters share the same values or uncover connections between a character’s past and his or her actions. Spot the gaps We all know that one person who loves to point out plot holes in movies. And plot holes can keep even the most experienced writers up at night. Mind maps make it easy to spot unfinished plot points or dangling threads in your story. “Since a mind map is not linear, blank spaces are not only forgivable, they become compelling reasons to think more about the story youre developing,” writes Paul Donovan Campos. If you’re a business storyteller, this can be really useful when telling your brand story because the map can help you anticipate where your audience might be skeptical or have questions. Add layers and context Mind maps help add layers to a linear plot, and while you work on your map, you’ll likely spot natural subplots and develop context around your story. You’ll be able to better understand how your story fits into the bigger picture through mapping it. For example, if you’re telling a story about leadership to your company, a mind map can help you understand how to frame that story in the context of your company’s mission and values. If you’re creating a whole new world with your story (think Harry Potter or Game of Thrones) mind maps can help you create a world that seems real. And with a mind mapping tool like MindMeister, you’ll never run out of room like you would on paper, so you have the freedom to go deep into the details. Write realistic characters Mind maps can also help you write characters who are true to life. Through mind maps, you can freely explore your characters’ communication styles, history, appearance, relationships, defects, and ambitions. Then when you’re writing, you can reference your character mind maps to think through what they would do or say in a certain situation. Begin and end your story When I’m writing an article or blog post, I always leave the intro and conclusion for last. Introducing a story and wrapping it up can be the toughest part of writing. Mind maps give you the big-picture view of your story, making it easy to spot natural points where your narrative could start and finish. And because of their free structure, you can more easily reorganize elements in a mind map to make sure your story flows well from beginning to end. Practice and present If you’re telling your story in front of a live audience, practice can help you become a lot more comfortable. Whether you’re pitching a product, trying to motivate a crowd or drive an audience to action, practicing your presentation with MindMeisters  presentation mode can help you calm your nerves and boost your confidence in your storytelling abilities. “There’s a misperception that great storytellers can whip these yarns out of their hats and deliver with aplomb,” writes Kristi Hedges, author of Power of Presence: Unlock Your Potential to Influence and Engage Others. “The best stories are well-told stories â€" because they get better with each telling.” Maybe you’re a CEO hoping to energize your employees with a story at your next company gathering, or perhaps you’re aiming to become the next J.K Rowling. No matter what kind of tale you’re telling, mind maps are a useful tool that can help you go from a blank page to a complete story that improves understanding, entertains or inspires. Get Started with Mind Mapping! Try MindMeister If you liked this article you might also enjoy:  How to Create High-Value Blog Content with MindMeister and Your Kindle.

High Competitive Business Environment Advertising And...

In current era, of high competitive business environment, advertising has become an important commercial activity to attract and convince consumers in their buying decisions. Organizations assign a large percentage of their revenues to spend on mass media and direct advertising and marketing (Romaniuk Sharp, 2003). Advertisements can be through different medium, including print, electronic, and online media to promote and communicate products and services information As an institution, or related with marketing and advertising will find its place in each institution. It can be defined as advertising and strategic approach to other competitive advantages. The announcement of the different concepts in the current media and newspapers, but there is small support that can help a lot of propaganda that whether it is helpful for organization to improve its performance (Holden Lutz, 1992). No company can fulfill the dream of becoming a popular name until it spent generously on promoting the products .That’s the reason of dominance of marketing in consumer markets (Hussainy Riaz, etc., 2008). As the main job is to reach potential customers and control their knowledge, attitudes and purchasing decisions. The main goal of advertising is the impact on purchasing Intention, however, this impact on the brand changed or strengthened often in people s memory. Memories of the mark shall consist of those associations that are related to the brand name in consumers minds. TheseShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Sigma Marketing Management1301 Words   |  6 PagesGlenn Colson October 14, 2014 MBA 505 Marketing Management Assignment 2.2 Sigma Marketing POTENTIAL CHANGES IN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT No business is isolated from its environment. It is necessary for all businesses to consider the impact of environment on their business operations. 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TheRead MoreJetBlue Airline Company Strategy Development1038 Words   |  5 PagesThreats from Existing Competitors – Extremely High Historically the Airline industry is one of the most competitive fields today. The large number of players in the industry combined with falling profit margins intensifies the competition. High exit barriers and mergers among competition makes it extremely difficult to growth in the industry Threats from Buyers - High The presence of substitutes and low brand loyaty creates substantial buying power in the market. Consumers of air travel todayRead MoreIntro to Marketing Tesc Assignment 11428 Words   |  6 PagesTESC Introduction to Marketing Written Assignment 1 Choose a specific industry (e.g., grocery retailing, the airline industry, etc.), and apply Porter s Five Forces Model to discuss that industry s competitive forces and their relative influence. Michael E. 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Research Paper about Pacific Islander Surfing Origins and Influence

Surfing, which originated from pacific islands, had a significant and lasting impact on American Culture. â€Å"Its all about where your minds at.† ~ Kelly Slater It is definitely an incontestable fact that surfing has a significant and lasting influence upon the American culture in all its manifestations. Surfing was initially an integral part of the Polynesian culture, and later was adopted by the European settlers, who arrived to the Pacific Islands. Hawaii, Florida and California are considered to be the most vivid representatives of the surf culture and true examples of how surfing has influenced the American culture. Mark Twain, one of the most prominent American writers of the nineteenth century wrote the following when he visited the Hawaiian Islands in 1866: In one place we came upon a large company of naked natives, of both sexes and all ages, amusing themselves with the national pastime of surf-bathing.† (Twain, M., 2007) When Captain James Cook observed how the native Hawaiians mastered the surfboard, he â€Å"†¦ could not help concluding this man had the most supreme pleasure while he was driven so fast and so smoothly by the sea†. The surf culture in the United States aroused in the beginning of the 20th century with the culmination points during the 1950s and 1960s, and yet it continues to flourish. Initially ancient Hawaiians believed that Kahunas (Hawaiian priests) can influence the gods in terms of catching good waves. There ritual songs and dances were supposed to please the gods of the sea and sent native Hawaiians surfable waves. For quite some time Caucasians assumed that only native inhabitants of the Pacific Islands possess the skills to surf. The first large-scale surf competition was held in 1928. Up till now the number of professional surfers is rather small as it is considered to be a difficult sport. (History of surfing. Surf culture., 2010) As a result of such swift development from just a hobby into a full-fledge sport, surfing has become one of the major American exports, similar to Hollywood and rock’n’roll. The surf culture has touched upon all spheres of life starting from music, fashion, cinematography, language and much more. The first wetsuit was manufactures from parts of neoprene by Jack O’Neil in the beginning of the 1950s in California. The wetsuit played a significant role as it preserved the surfers from the cold waters. The wetsuit gave the sportsmen the possibility to practice throughout the year. The surf style comes in and out of fashion every five to ten years. The surf culture has given birth to numerous clothing brands and the entire subclass of the media industry. Dale Velzy in turn is responsible for popularization of surfing. He was the first sponsor of the surf competitions. By giving new modernized surfboards to local surfers he earned their support and collaboration. In th e United States Velzy disclosed surfing to the public. (History of surfing. Surf culture., 2010) When it comes to film making, â€Å"Gidget† (1959) and â€Å"The Endless Summer† (1966) are recognized as the crown jewels of surf cinematography. These movies lightened up the spark of interest towards surfing and surf culture. These masterpieces revealed the surf world to the American population. In addition, John Severson established a photo book called â€Å"The Surfer†, which gradually evolved into a full-scale magazine. It is also considered to be the first publication in the world disclosing the development of surfing. Many youngsters chose famous surfers who ride mind-blowing waves as their idols. Andy Irons (three time  World Champion – 2002, 2003, 2004; holder of three  Quiksilver Pro France  titles – 2003, 2004, 2005; two Rip Curl Pro Search titles – 2006 and 2007 and 20 elite tour victories including the  Vans Triple Crown of Surfing  four times from 2002-2006), Duke Paoa Kahanamoku (August 24, 1890 January 22, 1968, th e Father of Modern Surfing) and Rell Sunn  (Female World Surfing champion, known as the Queen of Makaha) are among the most famous American surfers. (Warshaw, M., 2005) Surf music was most popular in the 1960s. It is divided into two significant forms – instrumental surf rock (main melody is lead by an electric guitar or saxophone) and vocal surf pop presented by ballads and dance music. One of the most famous surf bands of the 1960s is considered to be â€Å"The Beach Boys†. (Warshaw, M., 2005) Jason Mraz and Colbie Caillat are among the most popular contemporary surf singers. The surf culture has also created its own language style. In general this language is slang, which is only understandable to close members of the surf society. For example, a cut-back  is â€Å"a surf maneuver; its a 180 ° turn thats done on either of the two rails of the surfboard, basically reversing the direction that you are surfing in† or mushy  identifies slow and slapdash waves giving little force not enough for great surfing. (Surf speak, 2010) Surfing has become not only a lifestyle, but a swiftly developing industry, a flourishing culture and for many is an integral part of the American dream. Surfers from all over the world come to the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands and California in the hunt for enormous waves with the aspiration to catch the ultimate ride and experience the magnificence of the ocean. Reference History of surfing. Surf culture. (2010). Club of the Waves. Retrieved November 22, 2010 from http://www.clubofthewaves.com/surf-culture/history-of-surfing.php Surf speak. Surf culture. (2010). Club of the Waves. Retrieved November 22, 2010 from http://www.clubofthewaves.com/surf-culture/surf-speak.php Twain, M. (2007). Roughing it. Digireads.com Publishing. p. 228 http://books.google.com/books?id=gjUOvGeK51MCprintsec=frontcoversource=gbs_ge_summary_rcad=0#v=onepageqf=false Warshaw, M.  (2005). The Encyclopedia of Surfing.  Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 776-7.

What is meant by the term multiplier effect in tourism Free Essays

(i) Tourism can lead to a multiplier effect. What is meant by the term multiplier effect? (4) The term multiplier effect refers to the resulting effect of a service or amenity creating further wealth or positive effects in an area. For example, tourism in an area will create jobs in an area, therefore the employees of the tourism industry will have some extra money to spend on other services, and therefore improving these other services in that area, allowing further employment in the area. We will write a custom essay sample on What is meant by the term multiplier effect in tourism? or any similar topic only for you Order Now (ii) Explain with examples how tourism can lead to a variety of employment types, at the point of origin or destination. (9) In any area, tourism will require people to create the tourism experience and enhance the visitor’s enjoyment of the location. Firstly, the origin of the traveller, for example, the UK, will create its own employment opportunities even before reaching the destination. The travel agent which books the holiday is only the first step. The bank or finance service with which the individual obtains the money from in order to fund the holiday will also play a major role in the process, whilst also creating jobs at home. For the security and safety of the passenger, medical services and insurance will also be required to make sure the trip is not disrupted to a great extent should illness or theft, for example, be an occurrence on their excursion. Secondly, the employees of the destination’s airport or sea port allowing the transition from transport to forwarding destination goes as smoothly as possible. After this the hoteliers, caterers, porters and cleaners at the hotel will be needed to encourage a further visit to the area, as if the stay in the hotel is favourable, many people will be enticed to return on future holidays, therefore generating further revenue for the hotel and local services. During their stay the tourists will require entertainment, an opportunity to sample the local food and possibly see the sights the area has to offer by taking a guided tour or coach tour of the surroundings, all of which require people (hopefully local to avoid leakage of revenue back to MEDCs) to man the activities and therefore will create employment in the local area. The need for personal service, such as being waited upon, or having a personal tour guide means that the tourism industry is likely to employ many people during the course of the high season. This means that the people involved with tourism for the most part will have to seek employment elsewhere, as the tourist season is concentrated in the peak season (mostly summer for areas such as Southern Spain, however for skiing or winter activities in areas such as Switzerland or Austria, this may differ). The tourist work is also likely to be temporary from year to year, low paid and informal, with payment cash in hand. This would indicate a transient industry and would suggest that the host country would benefit from a diversified industry away from tourism, such as exporting oranges, wine and Seat cars in Spain, however their most prolific industry is tourism, with many Europeans seeking ‘winter sun’ in the Costa’s. B. The economic benefits of tourism almost always outweigh the environmental costs. Discuss (20) Firstly, we should consider the economic benefits of tourism for a country. As an example of this, I shall use Spain, a key destination for many Europeans. Indeed, revenue from tourism in May 2000 reached $2654 million (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3158 million), an increase of 22% over May 1999. The first five months of 2000 saw a revenue increase of 9% over the same period in 1999, totalling $9.6 billion (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.5 billion). This is obviously a huge figure, and is Spain’s key industry, as is true of the rest of the world, as can be seen in China, a country not renowned for it’s tourist industry, however â€Å"China earned 28.8 billion Yuan ($3.5 billion) in tourism revenue over the week-long Labour Day holiday as nearly 74 million people took to the road† – (LatelineNews: 5.9.01), however much of China’s tourism appears to be from within the country, unlike Spain where much of the tourists come from the surrounding countries and much of northern Europe, for example Germany, France and England. The destination country gains huge benefits from the influx of tourists onto its ‘shores’. Not only does the country’s revenue increase by a large amount, but there is a greater employment rate as the tourism industry is so labour intensive, creating a multiplier effect in the region, allowing economic growth and other services to develop to serve both the locals and the tourists alike. An improved infrastructure is developed which the locals can benefit from, for example airports and better roads, as can be seen in destinations such as Fuerteventura, an island in the Canary Islands, which has experienced tourism only over the last ten years or so. Even now, there is rapid and continual growth, with new tarmac covered roads being created everyday, as a pose to the original dirt tracks still in evidence today, however, work continues. However, it is important that the heritage and traditional culture of the area is not lost altogether. In some areas, such as Majorca, its main city, Palma has disappeared amongst ‘Irish’ pubs, clubs and a concrete jungle of high rise apartments for a mass tourism experience. In this case, the real culture of the region has disappeared altogether, at least along the sea front. In the main part of the city there is a beautiful cathedral, which has been there since the first Spanish settlers. This type of culture, the language of the people and the local traditions, such as the siesta need to be retained, before the experience of a holiday becomes a home from home experience; in other words, a warmer version of the origin country, such as the UK. This is why eco-tourism and other types of ‘alternative’ tourism such as Antarctica and quiet city breaks have become more popular. There are other downsides to tourism for a host country apart from the loss of heritage. Firstly, the amount of people tourism attracts is vast, up to 59million in Spain alone in 2000. (Source: Ministerio de Economà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a y Hacienda). This may sound good, however if each tourist rented a car or took a bus to their destination hotel or villa, then the less developed infrastructure of the country will not necessarily be able to cope with the massive influx of traffic, normally in a very limited space and time frame (i.e. – peak season, and near the popular destination in the host country, such as the coast). This will have an inevitable result of creating air pollution in the immediate area. The local resources will also be stretched to the limit as the population capacity (both physical and perceptual capacity) is reached. In many of the destination countries, the water supplies are short being in a warmer region than most. Therefore the water supplies are put in jeopardy as the tourists take up much of the population’s water supply, leaving the local population to survive on very little. Obviously this is not an issue in some of the cooler climates, such as Austria where skiing is the main attraction, and the area itself is much more lush than some of the areas I am generalising, such as Spain or Greece. Another key problem is the way in which the tourism industry attracts people from outside of the cities and tourist resorts, such as farmers and rural communities, whom are attracted to the money being generated in the highly density tourist attractions. This will also increase pollution, population and pressure on the area. With the mass of people being attracted to an area, the more housing and other buildings are required to facilitate these employees, tourists and other groups. The environment is therefore detrimentally affected as the buildings destroy habitats, which along the coastlines of many countries can prove to be areas of natural beauty, which are covered by tourist resorts, in a matter of a few years from the start of tourism in a country aimed at this type of mass tourism. These mass resorts need an outlet for the waste they produce as much as three times as much waste as is produced by the country in low season, an indication of the environmental impact that the tourists have on an area. Therefore, it is evident that there are both positive and negative economic (in the form of economic carrying capacity being too low in low season) effects, which appear to outweigh the highly negative effects on the environment in the host country. Indeed, there is a need for a review on how to create a sustainable solution to the difference between the two aspects of a country’s development. If a satisfactory conclusion is not met in relation to sustaining the environment in a given area, it is unlikely that the tourism industry will survive as the tourists will be repelled by the poor environmental quality. Sustainable ecotourism or simply a reinvention of the processes involved in transport, waste disposal and the impact the tourist has on the environment need to be implemented in order to create a tourist destination which will last the host country long enough to become established and diversified in many industries. How to cite What is meant by the term multiplier effect in tourism?, Papers

Strategic Planning and Marketing of Wood Product Timber

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Planning and Marketing of Wood Product for Timber. Answer: Introduction to Wood Products Manufacturing Process Overview: Timber is utilized for many purposes. The framing process of the timber goes through a grading process for verifying the stiffness and strength. By analyzing the manufacturing process, it can be assessed that two process including machine stress grading and visual stress grading facilitate in produce the framed gauged timber. Firstly, the machine stress grading facilitates the organization to frame the wood through the machine. In this particular process, each timber goes through a machine for measuring the stiffness. On the other hand, the smaller saw millers, who visually grade the timber as per the strict criteria laid out in the building code, often utilize the visual stress grading. By utilizing the both process, the manufacturer check the quality of the timber on a regular basis. In the New Zealand market, most of the wooden organizations utilize the G6, G8 and G10 graded timber, as these particular timbers provides high strengths to the wooden products (Findlay, 2013). Characteristics/ Specification, Advantages Over the past few years, most of the organizations in New Zealand have been focusing on manufacturing the wooden products due to the enhanced demand in the market. by analyzing the characteristics of the gauged timber, it can be assessed that the particular timber is exceptionally strong compared to its weight. On the other hand, the gauged timber is a good heat and electrical insulator. Besides these characteristics, the particular timber is renewable and biodegradable resources, which is eco-friendly (Schwenk et al., 2012). Gauged timber has several advantages including strengthens in the construction product. It has been seen that wood carries several beneficial aspects in the construction project. Gauged timber facilitates in resisting the high temperature in an efficient manner. With the utilization of this particular timber, the customer would obtain electrical insulator. The products manufactured by the gauged timber are very strong relatively to its weight. Consequently, it can be carried in an easy manner. Domestic Production Volumes and Trends The wooden product including gauged timber has been facilitating New Zealand in enhancing the economic strengths in an efficient manner. The forestry and the wood industry of New Zealand is the third largest industry, which has been contributing enormous amount to its domestic economy. For instance, the particular industry makes 12% of its total exports earning. By analyzing the annual report of New Zealand timber association federation, it can be identified that sawmills produce nearly 4 million cubic metrics of timber annually. Moreover, the domestic users are utilizing 7.5 million tones of logs annually (Duncker et al., 2012). On the other hand, more than the half of the production is exported to the global markets. Hence, the particular country has been the largest exporter in the foreign markets including china, Australia, and USA. Besides this, the New Zealand has made the strong presence throughout Middle East, Asia, Europe and the pacific. Main New Zealand Suppliers Over the past few years, New Zealand has been performing extraordinary in producing the timbers. Due to the enhanced demand of the customers, most sawmills have enhanced the manufacturing process in an efficient manner. By analyzing the recent report, it can be assessed that the country has 29 sawmills, who have been supplying the timbers to the organizations. The active sawmills or the timber suppliers are Colville Sawmill, Craig pine Mill, Cypress Sawmills, Eurocell sawmills etc. gradually, the number of the suppliers is increasing in an efficient manner, as the New Zealand timber is an outstanding construction material with the unrivalled ecological credential (Clawson, 2016). The particular suppliers have also been involved in the export business. The revenues from the export are up to $1 billion each year, which is splendid achievement of the country. Evaluation and Critique of the Domestic Market Marketing Mix: By analyzing the marketing mix, the suppliers have been utilizing the 4p marketing mix process in order to enhance the sales revenues in an efficient manner. Firstly, the products of the company are several timber products including gauged timber. The particular timber has been facilitating the customers obtain the strong source of framing in a lightweight. Besides this, the organizations in New Zealand have been focusing on bringing the diversification in the product segment. Besides the product, price is also an important factor of the business. Most of the timber manufacturer has been trying to deliver the product to the organization in less marginal profit, so that the organization could sale those products to the customers without charging high amount of money. Promotions are another part of the marketing mix strategies (Roshetko et al., 2013). Over the past few years, the timber organizations have been promoting their products efficiently to the domestic market as well as in th e international platform. When it comes to identify the fourth part of the marketing mix strategy, we need to highlight the importance of the place in the timber business. For executing the timber business, the suppliers need to identify the forest areas so that a huge amount of wood can be accumulated. Key Marketing Strategies: For obtaining the competitive advantages, the timber organizations in New Zealand need to follow some strategies. Firstly, the organizations should focus on selling timber in a fair, open and transparent manner. The organizations must identify the business objectives before implement the strategic approaches in the business. In a competitive market, the organization needs to avoid the aggressive pricing strategy for reducing the customers disengagement (Findlay, 2013). With the involvement of the marketing analysis, the company would be able to identify the key development areas in the business. However, the timber organizations need to include their investment cost into the pricing. For instances, the organizations must include the harvesting cost to processing cost into the pricing of the products. Besides these, the key strategies of the business must include the enhancement of the supply chain management. Without improving the supply chain of the business, the organization would not be able to experience the high sales revenues within the targeted timeline. Strengths and Weakness of the Domestic Market The prime strength of the domestic market is that the population of the country is low, which influence the most of the timber organizations in deforesting. Besides this, the particular country has the decent soil, which facilitates in growing the forest in an efficient manner. Hence, it can be considered that the domestic sawmills obtain adequate source of product for framing and sizing. On the other hand, the country generates 60% of its total electricity from the renewable energy. Consequently, it increases the utilization of the timber in the domestic market. By discussing the weakness of the New Zealand market, it can be assessed that the country has only 29 sawmills in the domestic region (Schwenk et al., 2012). For enhancing the export business, the local government needs to focus on facilitating the local sawmills in expanding their business across the domestic market so that it could easily enhance the export business within the short timeframe. Evaluation and Critique of the Global Market Global Production and Volumes and its Trends: By analyzing the global data, it can be evaluated that 695 timber companies have been executing their businesses across 43 counties. Total 1227 sawmills are there across the global platform. Total production of the timber is approximately 164 million m3/ year. According to the report published on 2014, USA had manufactured 54 million m3 (Duncker et al., 2012). Hence, New Zealand needs to focus on improving the business effectiveness for improving their position in the international market. Examples of Key International Competitors: The key international competitors of the country are USA, Canada and Russia (Findlay, 2013). By analysing the key international competitors, it can be assessed that the particular country needs to focus on the manufacturing process in order to enhance the business opportunities. Although New Zealand has been the third largest exporter of the timber across the global platform, they need to implement the strategic approaches into the business. Opportunities for the New Zealand Market The prime opportunity to New Zealand market is that most of the regions are covered by the forests. In 2006, it has been measured that total 1.8 million hectares with 89% in Pinus radiate and 5% of Douglas fir. Besides this, the long harvesting area In New Zealand was 18.8 million m3. Moreover, the new forests are 30 million m3 (Roshetko et al., 2013). Hence, it can be assessed that the particular country has high growth opportunities to the timber organizations to expand the business in the domestic market. On the other hand, over the past few years, the local government has decided to provide adequate contribution to the interested organization in expanding the timber business, as it facilitates in improving countrys national economic. Threats to the New Zealand Market: By analyzing the threats of the domestic market, it can be assessed that most of the countries have been enhancing the production of the timber for the last 10 years. Hence, the competition in the international market is open and it creates intricacies in retaining the growth of the industry across the global platform. By discussing the current global report, the top three timber producing countries are USA, India and China (Clawson, 2016). Hence, the domestic market of the country needs to be expanded largely in order to enhance t he business opportunities. Over the past few years, the USA has been the prime competitor of New Zealand in producing timber. Hence, the timber organizations need to take the strategic approaches in order to expand the business across the global market. References: Clawson, M. (2016).Decision making in timber production, harvest, and marketing. Routledge. Duncker, P. S., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Gundersen, P., Katzensteiner, K., De Jong, J., Ravn, H. P., ... Spiecker, H. (2012). How forest management affects ecosystem services, including timber production and economic return: synergies and trade-offs.Ecology and Society,17(4), 50. Findlay, G. W. (Ed.). (2013).Preservation of timber in the tropics(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media. Roshetko, J. M., Rohadi, D., Perdana, A., Sabastian, G., Nuryartono, N., Pramono, A. A., ... Kusumowardhani, N. (2013). Teak agroforestry systems for livelihood enhancement, industrial timber production, and environmental rehabilitation.Forests, Trees and Livelihoods,22(4), 241-256. Schwenk, W. S., Donovan, T. M., Keeton, W. S., Nunery, J. S. (2012). Carbon storage, timber production, and biodiversity: comparing ecosystem services with multi?criteria decision analysis.Ecological Applications,22(5), 1612-1627.

United Arab Emirates Public Library and Cultural Center (UAEPLCC) Risk Management Plan

Balken Reigon essays

Balken Reigon essays The Balkan Region has always been considered the Powder Keg of Europe. Usually when a war starts in Europe, the starting incident is always somewhere in the Balkans. One of the reasons for this is that through out the region, many different social and religious groups are all living in the same country and all trying to rule. In the past the ruling power has always been the Serbs. Recently the other majorities in the region have decided that they wanted to become an independent country, which of course displeased the Serbs. These problems have been around for a while and still prevail today. The wars in the 1990s have happened for many reasons boiling together until the pot overflows. One of the reasons that many people point to is the leader of Serbia, who is Slobodan Milosevic. Milosevic is for a Greater Serbia, which basically means one whole Serbia and little regard for the other nationalities in the Balkans. Milosevic has used anything possible to accomplish this goal of his, including war on the other nationalities, armed or not. Another reason for the wars in the nineties is the act of the HDZ to suggest a Greater Croatia, and reject the Serbian dominance. The war in the spring 1991 in Slovenia started when a meeting was held without Serbian representation. While this was going on, the Serbs started to barricade Sarajevo. This led to a minor disturbance that lasted ten days and was settled for the time. The most recent two conflicts were very similar. Both of these conflicts involved ethnic cleansing by Milosevic and the Serbs. One was started in Croatia in the spring of 1991 and settled in 1993. The last of the three wars was in Bosnia and Herzegovina and was fought until the UN stepped in and settled it. Ethnic Cleansing is a harsh policy implied by the Serbs. It involved the killing of many people in the towns and villages who were n ...

The Abecedarian Project and Early Childhood Intervention Essay

The Abecedarian Project and Early Childhood Intervention - Essay Example I feel that there is a difference between the results found in this controlled study project study and what is found in the regular preschool. The reason behind my argument is unlike the regular preschool, for this controlled study there was an early intervention which determined academic improvement as compared to the regular preschool where intervention was done during the school-age. The controlled study provided long-term support where the children were provided with year-round, full-time childcare unlike the other regular preschool children who had minimal support or in some cases none. The children of the controlled study received individualized attention where there was a high ratio of staff to the student in every stage of the program which most of the regular preschool children lack (Karoly 78). The controlled study children were provided with better privileges than the regular preschool children (Karoly 113). Among these privileges were free diapers, transportation, food, a cademic and social improvement activities. The regular preschool children lacked some of these privileges and thus creating the difference. Another difference was that the children from the controlled study were brought up in better living conditions thus improving their developmental growth, socially, physically and education wise. For the regular preschool children they grew up in poverty thus had development differences. The controlled study children had a more positive head start in life, unlike preschool children.

Anthropology peoples sothesat asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anthropology peoples sothesat asia - Essay Example These two opposing clans are in constant conflict; but the advent of slavery will merge the steadfast differences of these two into one similarity: Borneans in Southeast Asia who are duty-bound under the guise of civilization and the economic vitality of slavery. In the end of the eighteenth century, western superpowers, specifically the Spanish, Dutch, and British in Borneo, commenced in subjugating Southeast Asia for the purpose of monopolizing sought after products and raw materials in the developing marketplace in the region and Europe. Borneo, endowed with the gift of a lucrative geographical position, intensified its trading relations with other Southeast Asian countries. This move improved the island’s economy and commercial power. The growth of trade perverted through notching a better market for slave traders and raiders owing to the demand for laborers to accumulate riches and resources. Asian slavery is different from the western slavery structure. Slavery in Asia w as of two types: the debt slaves and the bondage slaves. The former type were people who paid large debts through elicited free labor whereas the latter type were captives from raids and wars who were sold to slavery. In the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, the population of Southeast Asia remained at a very low level hence troubling the region with problems of labor shortage. This reality aggravated the lust for money of the raiders who traded slaves as laborers in a naturally bountiful but populace- deprived environment. Nevertheless, even before the Dutch colonized Borneo it had already been the fortress of slave trade in which slaves were awarded as tributes or trading commodities. Although, it is important to note that western concept of slavery in Asia which is characterized by slaves in chains and those who were frequently chastised and maltreated, is not coherent

Child Protection Policy UK

Child Protection Policy UK Anglo-Saxon society has traditionally entrusted parents with the responsibility of bringing up their children. Parents, under such societal traditions, are required to look after the physical, emotional and mental needs of their children, provide them with a warm and comfortable family atmosphere, educate them to the best of their ability, and ready them for future adult responsibilities.* Birchall The overwhelming majority of people in the UK try to follow these tenets to the best of their abilities. Social changes like the increased incidence of divorces, live-in relationships, and single parenting, whilst significantly changing the social and economic structure of UK society, have not affected basic child rearing responsibilities. Modern day parents remain as committed to their children as their predecessors. Whilst the overwhelming majority of members of British society think of children as precious, both in the individual and in the collective context, some parents exhibit significantly deviant behaviour and subject their children to neglect and various forms of mental and physical abuse. *Arthurs Children are also vulnerable to physical and other forms of abuse outside their domestic environments for a variety of reasons. The social services infrastructure of the UK, which came into being as an integral component of the welfare state after the closure of the Second World War, has always emphasised the need to safeguard and protect children. Policy makers of different governments, both conservative and labour, have consistently made efforts to bring about laws and policies for the safeguarding of children, adolescents and vulnerable young adults. The social work infrastructure of the country also provides high priority to protecting children from different forms of abuse. Brandon A significant number of children in the country, despite the presence of a plethora of protective laws and policies and the existence of a huge, nationwide, protective social service infrastructure, are subjected to various degrees of emotional, mental and physical abuse.CReighton Incidents of child abuse and death continue to regularly be reported in the national media. One such episode, which ended in the tragic death of 8 year old Victoria Climbie in 2000, led to the institution of The Laming Commission and to significant changes in social welfare policy. * The formulation and implementation of the Every Child Matters (ECM) programme, which constitutes the overarching structure for child care in the country, places immense emphasis of the safety and security of children.* The countrys social care policies and social services infrastructure contain specific policies and processes for the identification of children at risk, followed by mandatory need assessment, and the provisioning of adequate security to them through planned interventions. The continuance of physical abuse against children, some episodes of which lead to substantial physical injury and even death, is a cause of intense distress to the people and policy makers of the country. Much of media debate and discussion on the issue assigns the responsibility for such continued violence against children, despite the existence of extensive preventive infrastructure, very squarely, on inadequate managerial leadership and decision making skills at various levels of the social services and social work infrastructure, as well as in other public services like health, education and policing. Learning Lessons Ofsted, Lord Laming Whilst incidents of violence against children have in the past led to inte nse criticism of individual social workers and of the social services system, contemporary nationwide soul searching over child safety is bringing up concerns regarding managerial control, leadership and decision making, across the ambit of the concerned public service organisations. Laming The Serious Cases Review, a national fact finding process that among other things investigates episodes of serious violence against children, has time and again provided details on reasons behind individual child abuse cases, the learning to be taken from such episodes, and the actions needed for the prevention of recurrence of such horrific incidents. U/LL The continuance of such episodes, despite the presence of extensive preventive machinery and the availability of such significant information has created confusion and concern over the ability of public service organisations to control and reduce child abuse and related deaths. Observers and analysts feel that a number of causes have combined to produce, stagnation, inefficiency, and ineffectiveness in the decision making of public sector agencies, and in their ability to work in cooperation and in collaboration with each other. This study takes up the investigation of child abuse in the UK, the findings of the serious case reviews, and the learning obtained from such reviews. This is followed by an exploration and analysis of the factors that limit the role of such learning in the actual decision making processes of various public agencies that are associated with and are responsible for the safety of children in the UK. 2. Commentary Legislation and Public Policy on Child Protection Abuse against children can occur in numerous different circumstances and across social and economic segments. Children are specifically vulnerable in circumstances or environments that concern family violence, bullying, substance misuse, learning inadequacies, mental health problems, and social and economic difficulties; also when children are unplanned, unwanted, premature or disabled. Vulnerable children may again be open to threats from more than one type of neglect or abuse. CPG The occurrence or possibility of significant harm provides the trigger for initiation of child safety and protection measures in the UK. The occurrence of significant harm depends upon a range of issues like the extent of abuse, its impact on the child, and the circumstances in which the abuse took or can take place. Whilst even a single traumatic episode may constitute significant harm, the term is more representative of a cumulative pattern of episodes that adversely affect a child. CPG The Children Act 1989, as well as The Children (Scotland) Act 1995, state that all local authorities must act jointly to safeguard children in need. The Children Act 2004 subsequently introduced a statutory structure for local cooperation for protection of children in England and Wales. All organisations that are responsible for providing services to children, including those that are engaged in education and health care, need to necessarily take steps for safeguarding of children in the discharging of their normal functions. CPG The English, Scottish and Welsh Executives have published detailed guidelines on inter-agency working on protecting children, which are available on their websites. CPG The Social Services is the lead child protection agency. It is statutorily responsible for making enquiries into all issues concerning child protection and is the main contact point for child welfare. The police are also empowered to intervene in all circumstances that could concern the safety of children. Local Safeguarding Children Boards (LSCBs) and Child Protection Committees (CPCs) are responsible for outlining the ways in which relevant organisations in individual local areas must cooperate to provide safety and security to children. CPG All organisations responsible for providing services to children are required to have clear structures and practices for child protection in place. These include (a) specific lines of accountability for work in child protection, (b) arrangements for suitable checks on new volunteers and staff, (c) procedures for handling of allegations of abuse against volunteers and staff members, (d) suitable programmes for training of staff, (e) a policy for child protection, (f) appropriate procedures for whistle blowing and (g) a culture that encourages the addressing of issues related to safeguarding of children. CPG Health care professionals who have apprehensions about neglect or abuse should adhere to local child protection procedures and should have access to required support and advice. CPG NHS organisations must have a doctor and nurse with requisite expertise in child protection. Private hospitals also need to compulsorily have child protection policies as, well as named professionals who possess expertise in child protection. It is also mandatory for all professionals dealing with children, as well as members of the general public, to bring apprehensions or fears about the vulnerability of any child in their domain of knowledge, (who is or could be under physical threat), to the attention of the local social services department.CPG It thereafter becomes mandatory on the social services to take such reference into account, carry out detailed assessments of the needs of the child under threat and plan and implement appropriate interventions. CPG Serious Case Reviews and their Findings The social service in the UK has been rocked by instances of child abuse, some of which have led to death. Two year old James Bulgar was brutally murdered by two ten year olds, Thompson and Venables, in 1993. JB The incident, which attracted immense publicity and public outrage and led to the imprisonment of the two perpetrators for many years, increased awareness of the dangers faced by children and young adults and the need to bring in policies and procedures for improving their safety. The tragic death of 8 year old Victoria Climbie, in 2000, at the hands of her carers, led to the institution of a public inquiry, the severe indictment of social workers for being negligent towards their duties and responsibilities, and to a number of positive developments in the area of child protection. The publication of the Laming Report, in 2002, led to the formulation of the Every Child Matters programme and the enactment of The Children Act 2004. The death of 17 month old baby P, in 2007, which occurred out of injuries suffered at the hands of his carers, (his mother and her boyfriend), during a period in which he was repeatedly seen by social workers brought home the fact that children continued to be unsafe despite the introduction of legal enactments and policy reforms, and the strengthening of the social services sector. * The neglect, abuse, or death of a child being a matter of immense national concern, UK public policy calls for the undertaking of serious care reviews in circumstances (a) where a child has been seriously injured or harmed, or has died, and (b) abuse is suspected or known to have been a factor in the occurrence of the incident. Chapter 8 of the Government Document Working Together to Safeguard Children (1999) states that a LSCB must necessarily carry out a serious case review in all circumstances where a child dies and neglect or abuse is suspected or known to be a factor. Learning All LSCBs are also enjoined to consider the conduct of a serious case review in the following circumstances. (a) a child sustains a potentially life-threatening injury or serious and permanent impairment to health and development through abuse or neglect, (b) a child has been subject to particularly serious sexual abuse, (c) a childs parent has been murdered and a homicide review is being initiated, (d) a child has been killed by a parent with a mental illness, (e) the case gives rise to concerns about inter-agency working to protect children from harm. (Learningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2008) The same document defines three specific aims of a serious case review, namely (a) the establishment of whether any lessons about inter-agency working can be learnt from the case, (b) the clear identification of the nature of these lessons, the ways in which such lessons will be acted upon, and the change that can be expected to result from such working, and (c) improvement of inter-agency working and the institution of better safeguards for children. when a child dies and abuse or neglect are known or suspected to be a factor in the death, local agencies should consider immediately whether there are other children at risk of harm who need safeguarding (and) whether there are any lessons to be learned from the tragedy about the ways in which they work together to safeguard children. (Sinclair Bullock, 2002) Serious case reviews, it is stipulated, should be conducted by individuals who are independent of all involved agencies and professionals, and should be submitted within a period of four months of the decision for carrying out the review. LSCBs are obliged to send each completed review for evaluation to Ofsted. The results of the Ofsted evaluation are shared with LSCBs and constitute an integral part of the information used for the yearly performance assessments of local areas. Learning The Ofsted study of the 50 serious case reviews received by the agency from April 2007 to March 2008 provides significant information on the nature of child abuse, the reasons for such abuse, and the working of different agencies who are entrusted with the responsibility of preventing such abuse. *The study reveals that children aged less than one year formed the largest group of the total surveyed population. This segment, which comprised of 21 children, was followed by the 11 to 15 age segment (14 cases), the 1 to 5 age segment (8 cases) and finally the over 16 segment (6 cases). The majority of these children died from the abuse that was inflicted upon them. In the case of children aged less than one year, the commonest cause of injury or death was physical assault by a parent, or the partner of a parent. Amongst the children and young people in the age group 11 to 16, 9 killed themselves, 3 were murdered by other young persons, and 1 died of anorexia. The key issues that arose from the evaluation of 50 serious case reviews concerned drug and alcohol misuse, domestic violence, mental illness, and learning difficulties or disabilities. In the case of drug and alcohol misuse, reviews found that the concerned agencies did not suitably evaluate and access the risks that could come about from such misuse, particularly in the case of very young babies. Domestic violence also featured in a number of serious case reviews, often in conjunction with drug and alcohol misuse. Agencies were again found to be inadequate in understanding, accepting and assessing the effect of domestic violence on young children. In some of these cases the history of domestic violence in the family was known to outsiders and police intervention had occurred in the past. Agencies, particularly the police, did not follow policies and procedures, with identified issues including poor levels of police training and inadequate attention to recording and reporting of domestic violence occurrences. Mental illness came across as an issue of concern in a number of reviews. In many cases the health visitor and the midwife were unaware of the histories of the mental health of the mother, or of the learning difficulties of the father, which otherwise would have influenced their assessments. A number of delays occurred in the assessment and treatment of people in need of assistance from mental health services. A few cases involved issues related both to mental health and to learning disabilities. The serious case reviews repeatedly point to specific inadequacies on the part of agencies in dealing with child abuse problems. The various agencies were found to be limited in their understanding of basic signs, symptoms and factors concerning child protection risks. Agencies tended to respond reactively to a particular situation rather than by perceiving the situation in the context of the history of the case. Agencies, by themselves, did not have complete details of the involved families or records of their concerns. The agency staff accepted, on a number of occasions, standards of care that in the normal course would not be acceptable by most families. Very little direct contact was established with the children in order to find out their thoughts and feelings about their situations. In many cases professionals tended to be uncertain about the importance of child protection issues, more so in complex and chaotic family environments, and placed inordinate trust on the statements of parents. Families on the other hand often expressed hostility to establishment of contact with professionals and engineered numerous strategies to keep them at a distance. Very few assessments contained evaluation of the quality of relationships between children and parents. In many cases multiple assessments were carried out on families, which were followed by the establishment of plans that did not contain any clear expectations of the changes that were needed for the sake of the children, and the likely consequences, if such changes did not occur. Many of the reviews reveal a number of lost opportunities on the part of universal services for suitable intervention and prevention of abuse. Such agencies included schools, health services and other services like housing, Connexions and Surestart. The majority of reviews pointed out that whilst policies and procedures were by and large appropriate and adequate, there was poor practice in the implementation of basic procedures, including in assessment, planning and decision making. With the understanding of the signs, symptoms and risk factors of child protection being inadequate, agency staff continued to be unaware of the possibility in the situations they were handling. Communication, both between and within agencies, was found to be poor; and specifically so with health agencies. Record keeping was essentially poor across agencies and particularly so in health services and schools. All agencies failed in seeing children in person, recording how they were, how they looked and wha t they said or noticed alterations in appearance or behaviour. Management oversight was identified in practically 50% of the evaluations, mostly in connection with social care managers. The absence of the management overview was common in cases concerning chronic neglect. Managers in such cases, instead of trying to see the larger picture, tended to react and make their decisions in response to specific incidents, as and when they arose. One manager decided it was not appropriate to remove four children on the basis of one minor injury and that instead a full assessment should be undertaken, without taking into account the catalogue of previous incidents and concerns, and the fact that the family had already been assessed four times. (Learning, 2008) Individual staff errors, in connection with social care staff, as well as members of police and health agencies were mentioned in a few cases as being instrumental in the lack of prevention of child abuse. Whilst staff capacity and resources were by and large not felt to be a major reason behind the failings, the requirement for additional staff training was mentioned in the majority of serious case reviews. The lack of basic awareness of indicators of abuse in important staff groups like teachers, health visitors, GPs, midwifes and emergency and accident personnel was felt to be a matter of great concern. Poor assessment and planning was a concern in most evaluations. Issues like parenting abilities, drug and alcohol dependence, and mental health problems were not addressed in decisions concerning the need for assessments. Universal services were felt to be inadequate in undertaking risk assessments for purposes of deciding whether specific cases should be referred to social care agencies. Members of universal services did not appear to have competencies in listening to children, in questioning what was presented to them, and in being open to the chances of abuse. With the prevalence of a rule of optimism, it was hard for such people to be curious about what the children were facing. Social care services were found failing in acting in accordance with their procedures, both with regard to assessment and planning. Assessments were not made in a number of cases, without such actions being supported by adequate reasons. Assessments, in other cases, were poorly done, often failing to take account of the wishes, feelings, or situation of the child, or of information available with other agencies. A number of reviews revealed agency neglect. Agencies, in such cases knew the families for considerable periods. The common themes that emerged in areas of neglect concerned (a) the failures of individual agencies to possess complete pictures of families, situations, and records, (b) agency tendencies to respond reactively, (c) resigned acceptance of otherwise unacceptable standards of care (d) failure to make direct contact with children and (d) not taking children seriously, when they try to tell agency representatives about their situations. An important message that arose from one of the reviews related to the issue of family support obscuring the need for child protection. It also was felt that (a) agencies should be more alert to the possibility of unintentional collusion by professionals in the continual abuse of children and that (b) decisive action needed to be taken when evidence of change with regard to circumstances of children was insufficient. The evaluation also takes note of poor record keeping, especially in the case of schools. Schools, in more than 60% of the cases, did not have comprehensive records, either of families of children, or of their attendance or non attendance. The Lord Laming Report on The Protection of Children in England, 2009, also makes a number of negative observations about management skills, leadership, and quality of decision making in the agencies responsible for directly and indirectly safeguarding children. Laming The report specifically calls upon the relevant Cabinet Subcommittee to ensure the adoption of comprehensive and collaborative national strategies for delivery of local strategies by all government departments involved in safety of children. The report calls upon Directors of Children Services, senior service managers, police area commanders and chief executives of PCTs to frequently review referrals in cases concerning the safety of children and ensure a sound approach in terms of multi-agency working, risk assessment, onward referral and decision making. DCSs without direct experience in protecting children are required to appoint senior managers with required skills and experience. The Laming Report further calls for effective leadership at the national, regional and local level in involved public agencies in order to provide the support or expertise required for adequate child protection. It places great emphasis on the role of the Directors of Children Services in protecting children and places the onus of responsibility squarely on their shoulders. The time is long past when the most junior employee should carry the heaviest burden of accountability. The performance and effectiveness of the most senior managers in each of these services should be assessed against the quality of the outcomes for the most vulnerable children and young people. (Laming, 2009) Managers, the report says, need to lead from the front and take personal interest in delivery of frontline services. They need to ensure that the stipulations regarding referral and assessment in working together to safeguard children are being adhered to comprehensively. Managers are also called upon to ensure that communication, information sharing and decision making between the local services and within each local service are capable of keeping children safe, even in times of pressure. They should value and support frontline managers, ensure rigorous management control of decision making and improve and shorten communication lines between senior managers and child protection staff. Management and Decision Making Issues in Public Service Agencies Study and analysis of the material available in serious case reviews reveals a number of issues of concern. At one level the concerns of policy makers, individual experts and monitoring agencies like Ofsted are very obvious. Such concerns have led to the enactment of child protection law and to the introduction of nationwide policies within the overall ambit of the Every Child Matters programme; which work towards ensuring the safety of children through the combined multidisciplinary efforts of the education, health, police and social services. Changes in attitudes towards increasing the effectiveness of working of government agencies have resulted in the introduction of managerialism and much stronger accountability among the executives and staff of these agencies. Structures have been put in place and procedures introduced to ensure better coordination and closer involvement between different agencies in delivery of services in various areas related to child protection. Members of the NHS, individual GPs, managements of schools, and members of the social services have repeatedly been tol d about and are aware of their need to work together, and take proactive steps on their own, without waiting for instructions or approval in any circumstance where the safety of a child has come or can come under threat. The extent of media discussion and public outrage that followed the deaths of James Bulger, Victoria Climbie and Baby P indicates the expectations of the nation from these services, with regard to protection of children and vulnerable young adults. The continuance of brutality and abuse towards children, resulting in injury and death, despite the introduction and implementation of numerous multi-dimensional and holistic measures, whilst being a matter of concern, primarily points to ineffective management and decision making at the level of service delivery in these various organisations. The key learning that emerges from the serious case reviews relates to (a) basic lack of understanding in agencies regarding the signs and symptoms of child abuse, (b) under establishment of meaningful contact with the children at threat, (c) credence to the views expressed by parents, (d) inability to counter the engineered hostility of parents, (e) poor quality assessments, (e) inadequate coordination between critical services like the police, the NHS, and schools with social services, (f) a high degree of management oversight, (g) the tendency of managers to ignore the larger picture and react to specific situations, (h) poor assessment and planning, (i) lack of alertness to the possibility of unintentional collusion by professionals in the continuance of abuse on children and (j) absence of decisive action in the presence of evidence relating to abuse of children. Lord Laming, in his comprehensive report also takes up the issue of management at the agency level very strongly. His comments indicate (a) the need for recruitment and retention of workers engaged in child protection, (b) undue emphasis on targets and processes, (c) bureaucratic, lengthy, and over complicated tick-box methods for assessment, (d) lack of coordination between different agencies responsible for child protection, (e) inadequate training and support for frontline workers in the police, social services and health care, (f) poor staff morale, (g) inadequate and low quality supervision, (h) high workloads and (i) the need for some resource augmentation, both in the police and in the social services. Such circumstances are exceedingly common in poorly managed organisations in the private sector, and are also reflective of many adequately resourced but inefficiently managed public sector organisations. Whilst sustained poor management in private business firms mostly leads to economic losses and organisational closure, similar situations in publicly funded government enterprises or agencies lead to continued inefficiency and poor product and service quality. Such situations in public service organisations entrusted with vitally important responsibilities can have literally tragic consequences; as is seen by the continuance of episodes of child brutality and child deaths. The continuance of such a situation is also absolutely unacceptable. Lord Laming, in a candid aside, remarks that he has often been tempted to tell managers of ineffective agencies to just do it, even whilst realising that such impatience was unlikely to lead to any constructive results. Laming The essence of management, both in the private and public sector lies in the making and in the quality of decisions by organisational managers. Managers in the course of their work are continuously required to assess alternatives and take decisions, on a broad range of issues, which can have both long and short term implications. Strategy, Proctor Extant management literature is awash with different decision making styles, which range from immediate and instinctive reactions to the use of complex statistical models and decision trees. Whilst decision making involves consideration of numerous factors, it is also subject to the influence of different obvious and latent forces. It involves both quantitative and qualitative analysis, even as it is affected by rational (objective) judgement and non-rational (subjective) factors like organisational environment and culture. Numerous subjective issues like the personality of decision makers, relationships of decision makers with other organisational members, peer pressure, expectations of seniors and juniors and personal agendas of decision makers influence decisions. Individuals engaged in social services are additionally bound to act in accordance with clear and strong codes of ethics and against oppression and discrimination. Professionals in other services that are associated with child protection, like schools, health services and the police are also influenced and controlled by their particular codes of conduct, their professional ethics, and their organisational norms. Decision making in such environments, which are likely to be chaotic rather than stable is essentially a complex issue and obviously subject to various degrees of success. Sources on Decision Making Whilst the possibility of decisions being wrong is normal in all human situations, the possibility of extremely unfortunate consequences of wrong decisions in areas of child safety make the institutionalisation of sound, rational and essentially ethical decision making processes in concerned necessary. Peter Drucker identifies eight decision making practices followed by successful executives Ask What needs to be done? Ask What is right for the enterprise? Develop action plans Take responsibility for decisions Take responsibility for communicating Focus on opportunities rather than problems Run productive meetings Think and say we rather than I (Decisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 2010) Drucker Druckers suggestions go to the heart of the decision making process with fundamental questions on the need for the decision, followed by creation of focus on areas of improvement, rather than on problems, the development of collective action, and finally the need for responsibility and communication. Ralph Keeney (1998), states that decision making failures often occur because of decision makers tending to consider too few alternatives in their decision making process. Decision makers, Keeney states, need to assess their problems carefully and decide upon objectives by questioning goals, objectives, aspirations, interests and fears. They also need to carefully assess the consequences of different alternatives before choosing routes of action. Modern day managers are told to devise different alternatives through imagining of different options and use of brainstorming techniques. Limitations in Decision Making Practices of Managers of PSOs Managers in business settings tend to look at issues differently from those engaged in public service organisations. They have